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Question: Discuss about the Child Development. Answer: Social Learning Theory was born from the learning theory and it explains how one can learn new behaviour by observing other people. The social learning theory of Bandura states that human beings have a tendency of learning from one another by taking recourse to observation and imitation (Norton Wolpaw, 2018). This theory acts as a bridge between that of the behaviourist and the cognitive learning theory. The aggressive behaviour of Justin can be explained in terms of social learning theory. The aggressive behaviours manifested in Justin are that of punching and kicking. He is doing this to his friends at school. The wrestling match that Justin was watching with his parents was responsible for this aggressive act of Justin. He started displaying the aggressive behaviours after he found out that his family members were high-fiving and cheering when the wrestler punched the opponent during the match. Justin has watched the wrestling match along with his parents and older siblings that has caused him to learn the aggressive behaviours. His family was cheering and clapping during the wrestling match that has made Justin to think that it was something that should be practised in real life. This is the reason why Justin started exhibiting these aggressive tendencies at school (Miller Morris, 2016). It has been observed that human beings learn by the help of observation. By the act of observation they form an idea regarding how the new behaviours can be formed. In later cases, the coded information act as a guide in relation to actions. The Social Learning Theory states that the children who are exposed to that of televised aggression have the tendency of becoming more aggressive (Thomas Simpson, 2014). Their behaviour are not reinforced by consequences but still they develop such aggressive instincts. It involves the internal processes of attention and memory and young children start learning by watching other people. This theory explains the human behaviour in reference to reciprocal interaction that is continuous. According to Bandura, world and the behaviour of a person influence each other. The theory of behaviourism states that the environment of an individual gives rise to the behaviour. According to Bandura, this process was very simplistic and he stated that behaviour was responsible for causing the environment also. Personality was an interaction between that of the three components: environment, psychological process of an individual and the behaviour (Taylor, 2017). A child takes into account what anoth er person has to face before they copy the actions of other people. It has been seen that when a younger sister watches an elder sister being rewarded then she starts to repeat such a behaviour. This is termed as vicarious reinforcement. The observed individuals are termed as models. In the society, children find many influential models like that of parents, different characters on TV and friends in the peer group. These are the models that provide examples to the children which the children can observe and also imitate. Young children identify with that of the model that and if they see that the model is reinforced for the actions then they start to copy the particular model (Miller Morris, 2016). Justin has started kicking and punching at the school as he has observed that his family was applauding the act of punching on television. It has been found that if the consequence is rewarding then the child has a tendency of performing the particular behaviour (Jennings Henderson, 2014). According to Bandura, human beings act as active information processor and they ponder about the relationship between behaviour and that of consequences (Bandura, 2015). Cognitive processes were responsible for observational learning. Nature and nurture both contribute in the process of development of the child. There are some physical characteristics that can be biologically determined with the help of genetic inheritance. The colour of ones eyes and pigmentation of skin are inherited with the help of genes. There are speculations regarding whether the psychological characteristics like mental abilities are also hereditary. There exist certain characteristics that are developed later on in life and they are the resultant of the faculty of nurture (Lux, 2014). Nature has helped me in attaining high intelligence quotient and nurture has helped in making me a more disciplined person. Nature is determined by that of genetic inheritance along with that of biological factors. Nurture on the other hand is indicative of the external factors that influence an individual after the process of conception. It refers to the process of exposure and learning of an individual (Coll, Bearer Lerner, 2014). The environmentalists have said that at birth the mind of the human being is in a blank state. This mind is eventually filled owing to the influence of experience. The behavioural differences emerging in childhood is on account of learning that takes place in an individual. The way an individual is brought up determines the psychologically aspects in relation to child development. Nature has played a great role in my childhood development. I was able to make connections from a very early age that showed that I was born with high level of I.Q. I could understand that when someone was walking into the kitchen he would emerge with food. The association of the connections bears testimony to my natural intelligence. Elements in relation to intelligence are the ability that helps one in reasoning, solving problems and understanding the complex issues (Rothman et al., 2014). Intelligence helps an individual in learning from the experience and adjust to that of the changing environments (Coll, Bearer Lerner, 2014). I could easily understand the relationship between different concepts from a very early age. I have always seen that when someone walked into the kitchen he would invariably come out with food in his hand. It helped me in making the association that kitchen was related to food in some way. My mother is a chartered accountant and my father is working as an investment banker in a reputed company. I must have inherited their intelligence that helps me in perceiving the relation between different things. Parents and the social environment of the child have an impact on the development of children. All the family members of my family are expert at organising things and they like to keep the rooms tidy. I have learnt after observing them the importance of organizing and tidiness. I make it a point to keep my room clean that shows the influence that nurture can have on an individual (Lux, 2014). Cleanliness is of crucial importance for the mind and spirit of an individual. Cleanliness helps in bringing about a sense of discipline in an individual that can prove to be fruitful for the successful life. It can hence indirectly help in the professional growth of an individual. It has been found with the help of feedback loops that nature and nurture have a constant influence on each other. From the point of view of ecology, researchers have deduced that nurture has a great influence on the element of nature. Nurture is very crucial for that of early human development and it increases the ca pacity of an individual of learning innovative things. A person can improve his knowledge by adapting to different circumstances and the environment. Operant conditioning helps in the process of making an association between that of behaviour and the consequence pertaining to that behaviour. Skinner is held to be the father in relation to operant conditioning. It is indicative of the changing of behaviour by taking recourse to reinforcement. Positive reinforcement can bolster behaviour by giving some kind of a reward to an individual. Removal of the adverse stimulus can also prove to be rewarding for a person (Nicholson, 2015). The other concepts crucial to operant conditioning are that of positive and that of negative punishment. Positive punishment happens when an individual is presented with a negative consequence after showing bad behaviour. The removal of a desired stimulus after undesirable behaviour is termed as negative punishment. Operant conditioning refers to a learning method that happens with the help of rewards along with punishment in relation to behaviour. Operant conditioning plays a significant role in everyday life. Class presentation is an activity that takes place in most of the schools. It is found that if the student is applauded then he becomes encouraged to give similar presentations in the future. On the event of the student being criticized in the process of delivering a presentation future presentation takes the shape of a formality (Blackman, 2017). The main concepts in relation to operant conditioning are that of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. It is found that when a teacher compliments his students when he gives the correct answer can help in increasing that kind of behaviour. Negative reinforcement occurs when something that is unpleasant is taken away from a person owing to acceptable behaviour (Nicholson, 2015). A teacher exempts the students from that of the final test if the students have good attendance. This is an example of negative reinforcement. It is found that when an employee shows bad behaviour at the workplace then he is criticized by the boss. Bad behaviour will gradually decrease owing to the criticism. This is an example of positive punishment. A child who always rides on the bike is punished by the parents by the locking of the bike. The parents had taken the bike away so that it can decrease the time that the child spends with the bike. This is an example of negative punishment pertaining to operant conditioning (Pear, 2017). With the help of operant conditioning, the right kind of behaviour can be shaped. It can help in shaping the attitude and customs. Positive reinforcement can help in bringing about great effects on that of the behaviour of the child. Parental attention and that of verbal encouragement can are useful tools that can enhance the desirable behaviour of an infant (Eaton, Libey Fetz, 2016). Children need the emotional support of their parents so that they can develop the different domains. It is natural that when the infant will spend more time behaving in a desirable manner he will eventually end up behaving less undesirably. Operant conditioning highlights that reward given for good behaviour can help in the development of the child. In the similar strain punishment given for bad behaviour can help in curbing the negative tendencies of the child. It is found that if the child is offered an ice cream for scoring well in class then he becomes more encouraged to study hard so that he will be rewarded (Pear, 2017). The child will be ecstatic on being offered the ice cream and he will continue to study harder so that he can get the reward in future. Parental attention along with verbal encouragement can help in the process of enhancing the desirable behaviours and children need the emotional support so that they can develop the different domains. Students have many anxieties, fears and attitudes and conditioning can prove to be useful in breaking such kind of habits. The subject can be kept in such a situation that arouses fear in a person and controlling that of the response that gives rise to fear can be of great benefit for the child. References: Bandura, A. (2015). On deconstructing commentaries regarding alternative theories of self-regulation. Blackman, D. E. (2017).Operant conditioning: an experimental analysis of behaviour. Routledge. Coll, C. G., Bearer, E. L., Lerner, R. M. (Eds.). (2014).Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. Psychology Press. Eaton, R. W., Libey, T., Fetz, E. E. (2016). Operant conditioning of neural activity in freely behaving monkeys with intracranial reinforcement.Journal of neurophysiology,117(3), 1112-1125. Jennings, W. G., Henderson, B. B. (2014). Social learning theory.The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology. Lux, V. (2014). Nature and nurture.Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, 1225-1231. Miller, B., Morris, R. G. (2016). 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